|
 
 |
| REVIEW ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2021 | Volume
: 4
| Issue : 2 | Page : 51-55 |
|
Impact of COVID-19-related fear and anxiety on job attributes: A systematic review
Nilofar Rajabimajd1, Zainab Alimoradi2, Mark D Griffiths3
1 Department of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
2 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
3 Department of Psychology, International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| Date of Submission | 04-Mar-2021 |
| Date of Decision | 29-Apr-2021 |
| Date of Acceptance | 04-May-2021 |
| Date of Web Publication | 28-May-2021 |
Correspondence Address:
Nilofar Rajabimajd
Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin
Iran
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | 71 |
DOI: 10.4103/shb.shb_24_21
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had different effects on different occupations. The present study was designed to systematically review the available evidence to investigate the pandemic on occupational effects. The academic databases of Scopus, PubMed Central, ProQuest, Science Direct, and ISI Web of Knowledge were searched systematically between December 2019 and February 2021. COVID-19-related fear, concern, worry, anxiety, and stress in combination with job-related MeSH terms were used to search the databases. The methodological quality of included papers was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale checklist. To synthesize data, a qualitative synthesis of findings was performed due to the small number of included studies (n = 4) and the heterogeneity of the assessed outcomes. Four studies were included in the final analysis. All four studies were cross-sectional, collected the data online, and comprised 1654 participants from four different countries. Fear of COVID-19 was associated with increased future career anxiety, perceived job insecurity, organizational and professional turnover intentions, and decreased job satisfaction. COVID-19 Anxiety Syndrome was associated with scores on the Work and Social Adjustment Scale. As so few studies have been conducted, there are no conclusive findings. More studies using valid and reliable measures to assess fear/anxiety related to COVID-19 and its' association with job attributes are needed. It is also recommended that these associations are examined in variety of different jobs.
Keywords: Anxiety, COVID-19, fear, job attributes, systematic review
How to cite this article:
Rajabimajd N, Alimoradi Z, Griffiths MD. Impact of COVID-19-related fear and anxiety on job attributes: A systematic review. Asian J Soc Health Behav 2021;4:51-5 |
| Introduction | |  |
Since the advent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in December 2019, extensive research has been conducted to identify, treat, and prevent this new emergent disease.[1] Globally, there have been over 143.13 million confirmed cases of COVID-19, including over 3.04 million deaths, reported to the World Health Organization up to April 20, 2021.[2] The increase in the COVID-19 infection and mortality rate worldwide, especially in countries with higher confirmed deaths, have been caused by fear of COVID-19.[3] Fear of COVID-19 is widespread and experienced within different populations. In an Iranian study, 717 people of the general population reported a mean fear score of 3.9 (out of 5) on the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S).[4] The mean score of fear with the FCV-19S was 3.1 among 855 people in Bangladesh.[5]
The COVID-19 pandemic has had different effects on different occupations. Moreover, COVID-19 transmission routes include inhalation of respiratory droplets via coughing and sneezing, as well as contact with mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and eyes. Furthermore, high COVID-19 transmission capability can be spread via aerosols formed during medical procedures.[6] Healthcare providers are exposed to the disease due to close contact with infected patients and this occupational group are more likely to be infected.[7] In addition, the outbreak of COVID-19 has also created challenges for healthcare providers including increased patient load and burden of the disease. Adhering to COVID-19 protocols can affect their psychological well-being and job performance.[8] Healthcare staff may risk their lives to perform their duties which can also lead to the intense fear of unknowingly infecting others.[9]
This healthcare group often witnesses the suffering and death of patients, which can also lead to a negative impact on their mental health.[10] COVID-19-related uncontrolled anxiety and/or fear may also lead to long-term effects on healthcare job performance and job satisfaction, leading to frequent work absence and eventual financial loss.[11] Some systematic reviews have been conducted to assess the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of care providers. They have shown a high prevalence of anxiety and depression among nurses on the frontline compared to other healthcare workers as well as those among the general population.[12],[13]
In addition to the aforementioned effects of the COVID-19 pandemic among medical professionals, many other occupations have been affected by the pandemic. Despite the implementation of extensive measures to inhibit the spread of the virus (e.g., spatial distancing, quarantining, traveling restrictions, etc.), COVID-19 has led to a decline in the labor force in many economic sectors,[14] money loss,[15],[16] perceived job insecurity, and increased psychological distress.[17],[18],[19],[20] Over the past year, there have also been fears concerning job loss and loss of job security.[21] In general, COVID-19 has a negative impact on individuals' incomes and has caused a lot of financial losses.[22] A study by Gasparro et al. found that fear of COVID-19 was associated with job insecurity and depressive symptoms among Italian dentists.[16]
Although recent systematic review studies have attempted to summarize the results of contemporary studies concerning the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in the medical profession,[12],[13] no systematic study has been carried out evaluating the evidence regarding the impact of COVID-19-related fear and anxiety on job attributes. Therefore, the present study was designed to systematically review the available empirical evidence to investigate the pandemic's effects on occupational attributes.
| Methods | | |
The present systematic review is part of a larger project assessing the measurement properties of the FCV-19S and its relationship with psychological distress. The project was registered (ID number CRD42020188890) in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) website.[23] The study's findings are reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.[24]
Scopus, PubMed Central, ProQuest, Science Direct, and ISI Web of Knowledge were searched systematically between December 2019 and February 2021. COVID-19-related fear, concern, worry, anxiety, and stress in combination with job-related MeSH terms were used to customize search syntax for the aforementioned academic databases. The relevant search terms were extracted from PubMed Medical Subject Headings and published studies.
The titles and abstracts of all retrieved papers were screened based on eligibility criteria. All peer-reviewed observational studies were considered eligible if relevant data regarding the influence of fear of COVID-19 on occupational attributes were reported (Job Satisfactions, Work Satisfaction, Employment Termination, Employment Insecurity, Employment Status, Occupational Status, Occupational Stresses, Job Stress, Work-related Stress, Workplace Stress, Professional Stress, Job-related Stress). Fear/anxiety of COVID-19 and job attributes needed to be assessed utilizing valid and reliable scales. No limitation was exerted regarding participants' characteristics. After screening for potentially eligible papers, their full texts were downloaded and reviewed for final selection. The methodological quality of the included articles was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) checklist. The NOS checklist assesses the methodological quality of papers in three domains of selection and comparability with seven items for cross-sectional studies. Studies yielding <5 points are classified as having a high risk of bias.[25] No studies in the present review were excluded based on poor methodological quality. Study selection, quality assessment, and data extraction were carried out by two independent reviewers and data extracted included the first author's name, publication date, title of the study, research area as country, occupation of participants, sample size, study design, job-related outcomes and their measures, NOS score (i.e., methodological quality), and main findings of the study. Disagreements were resolved via discussion between research team members. To synthesize the data, a qualitative synthesis of findings was performed due to the small number of included studies and the heterogeneity of the assessed outcomes.
| Results | | |
Screening and selection process
The initial search in five databases of Scopus (4016), Web of Science (385), PubMed (184), Science Direct (132), and ProQuest (4817) identified 9534 papers. After removing 1875 duplicates, 7659 papers were screened based on the title and abstract. Finally, 58 papers deemed eligible and their full texts were reviewed. During this process, four papers met the eligibility criteria. [Figure 1] shows the search process based on the PRISMA flowchart.[26] | Figure 1: Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses Flowchart of selected studies
Click here to view |
Study description
Four studies were included in the final analysis. All four studies were cross-sectional, collected the data online, and comprised 1654 participants from four different countries (i.e., Bangladesh, Italy, UK, and the Philippines). None of the studies were conducted during national lockdown periods in the respective countries. The sample size varied between 232 and 765 participants. Approximately 47% of the total number of participants were female. The FCV-19S was used to assess COVID-19-related fear in three studies and the COVID-19 Anxiety Syndrome Scale was used to assess COVID-19-related anxiety in the other study. All of the included studies were rated as high quality. [Table 1] provides the summary characteristics of all four included studies.
Outcome measures
Association between fear of COVID-19 and (i) future career anxiety,[27] (ii) perceived job insecurity,[16] (iii) work and social adjustment,[28] and (iv) job stress and professional turnover intentions[9] were assessed. Given that these outcomes were studied in separate studies, a qualitative synthesis is used to report the findings. Included studies showed moderate association of fear of COVID-19 future career anxiety with Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.37[27] and perceived job insecurity with Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.44.[16] Also an increased level of fear of COVID-19 was associated with decreased job satisfaction and increased organizational and professional turnover intentions.[9] COVID-19 Anxiety Syndrome was assessed in one paper and showed moderate-to-high Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.79 with the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (which assess functional impairment attributable to an identified problem).[28]
| Discussion | | |
The emergence of COVID-19 in December 2019 and its rapid spread throughout the world has been totally unprecedented.[29],[30] The increasing burden of disease and the specific death rate of COVID-19 throughout the world has caused widespread fear, and is a major threat to the current labor force and future workforce.[4] Imposing restrictions to reduce the transmission of COVID-19 led to a reduction in the labor force in many economic sectors. Consequently, fear of losing jobs, worries about continuing to work, job insecurity, the negative impact on individuals' incomes, and large financial losses have occurred.[21],[31]
The aim of the present systematic review was to assess the effect of COVID-19-related fear and anxiety related in relation to job attributes. The empirical evidence reviewed showed that increased level of COVID-19-related fear was associated with higher future career anxiety[27] and perceived job insecurity[16] as well as decreased job satisfaction and increased organizational and professional turnover intentions.[9] Furthermore, COVID-19 Anxiety Syndrome was associated with scores on the Work and Social Adjustment Scale.[28]
During the COVID-19 pandemic, a high prevalence of anxiety and depression among some occupations such as the healthcare professions have been reported.[12],[13] Anxiety and/or uncontrolled fear of COVID-19 may lead to long-term effects on healthcare providers' job performance and job satisfaction, leading to frequent absences and increased job turnover.[11]
Since the initial outbreak of COVID-19, a large number of studies have been published that have examined the effects of the pandemic on mental health among nurses and other healthcare workers. For example, Labrague and Janet's study examined how the fear of COVID-19 affected the outcomes of front-line nurses. The results showed that the role of job and attendance in COVID-19 training predicted fear of COVID-19. Findings also showed that increasing levels of fear of COVID-19 were associated with decreased job satisfaction, increased psychological distress, and increased organizational and professional turnover intentions. Front-line nurses who reported nonparticipation in COVID-19 training, and part-time nurses reported a high fear of COVID-19.[9] Gasparro et al.'s study of dentists found that both perceived job insecurity and fear of COVID-19 were positively associated with depressive symptoms. The same study also reported that perceived job insecurity had a significant association with depressive symptoms among individuals with low fear of COVID-19.[16] The study by Mahmud et al. also found that fear of COVID-19 was significantly and positively associated with future job anxiety and depression. This means that due to the prevalence of fear of COVID-19, individuals appear to become depressed and anxious about their future careers, which is likely to a long-term negative impact on the human psyche.[27] The study by Nikčević and Spada showed that functional impairment attributable to an identified problem based on the Work and Social Adjustment Scale had a positive and significant relationship with COVID-19 anxiety.[28]
| Conclusion | | |
To the best of the authors' knowledge, only a few aforementioned studies have examined the relationship between fear/anxiety and job attributes. Given so few studies have been conducted, no conclusive findings are available. More studies using valid and reliable measures to assess the fear/anxiety related to COVID-19 and its' association with job attributes are needed. It is also recommended that future studies examine these associations in variety of different jobs.
Financial support and sponsorship
The Vice-chancellor (Research) of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences has provided financial support to this project.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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[Figure 1]
[Table 1]
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Healthcare Worker Mental Health and Wellbeing During COVID-19: Mid-Pandemic Survey Results |
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| Kevin P. Young, Diana L. Kolcz, Jennifer Ferrand, David M. O’Sullivan, Kenneth Robinson | | Frontiers in Psychology. 2022; 13 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 30 |
Predictors of women’s sexual quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic: An Iranian cross-sectional study |
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| Mahshid Khorshidi, Zainab Alimoradi, Nasim Bahrami, Mark D. Griffiths | | Sexual and Relationship Therapy. 2022; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 31 |
Effectiveness of using calligraphic activity to treat people with schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial in Southern Taiwan |
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| Wen-Yi Huang, Hector W.H. Tsang, Shu-Mei Wang, Yu-Chen Huang, Yi-Chun Chen, Chih-Heng Cheng, Chih-Yin Chen, Jung-Sheng Chen, Yen-Ling Chang, Ru-Yi Huang, Chung-Ying Lin, Marc N. Potenza, Amir H. Pakpour | | Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease. 2022; 13: 2040622322 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 32 |
Burdens on caregivers of patients with stroke during a pandemic: relationships with support satisfaction, psychological distress, and fear of COVID-19 |
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| Chieh-hsiu Liu, Yi-Jung Chen, Jung-Sheng Chen, Chia-Wei Fan, Meng-Tsang Hsieh, Chung-Ying Lin, Amir H. Pakpour | | BMC Geriatrics. 2022; 22(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 33 |
Parallel exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the Hungarian Fear of COVID-19 Scale in a large general population sample: a psychometric and dimensionality evaluation |
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| Péter György Balázs, Ariel Mitev, Valentin Brodszky | | BMC Public Health. 2022; 22(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 34 |
Factors associated with insomnia and suicidal thoughts among outpatients, healthcare workers, and the general population in Taiwan during COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study |
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| Yi-Hsuan Lin, Jung-Sheng Chen, Po-Ching Huang, Mei-Yun Lu, Carol Strong, Chung-Ying Lin, Mark D. Griffiths, Nai-Ying Ko | | BMC Public Health. 2022; 22(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 35 |
Fear of COVID-19 and its association with mental health-related factors: systematic review and meta-analysis |
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| Zainab Alimoradi, Maurice M. Ohayon, Mark D. Griffiths, Chung-Ying Lin, Amir H. Pakpour | | BJPsych Open. 2022; 8(2) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 36 |
Perceived stress, stigma, and social support among Nepali health care workers during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional web-based survey |
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| Lok Mani Giri, Kiran Paudel, Sandesh Bhusal, Tara Ballav Adhikari, Gabriel Gulis, Behdin Nowrouzi-Kia | | PLOS Global Public Health. 2022; 2(5): e0000458 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 37 |
Risk perception and coping response to COVID-19 mediated by positive and negative emotions: A study on Chinese college students |
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| Yongtao Gan, Qionglin Fu, Amir H. Pakpour | | PLOS ONE. 2022; 17(1): e0262161 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 38 |
Depression and stress regarding future career among university students during COVID-19 pandemic |
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| Upama Chowdhury, Md. Ahosan Habib Suvro, Syed M. D. Farhan, Md Jamal Uddin, Chung-Ying Lin | | PLOS ONE. 2022; 17(4): e0266686 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 39 |
Fear of COVID-19 infection and related factors in Japan: A comparison of college students, pregnant women, hospital nurses and the general public |
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| Kohei Koiwa, Koubun Wakashima, Michiko Ikuta, Keigo Asai, Gen Takagi, Amir H. Pakpour | | PLOS ONE. 2022; 17(7): e0271176 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 40 |
Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts of disease, social isolation, and financial stressors |
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| Robert E. Kraut, Han Li, Haiyi Zhu, Mohammad Hayatun Nabi | | PLOS ONE. 2022; 17(11): e0277562 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 41 |
Associations between vaccination and quality of life among Taiwan general population: A comparison between COVID-19 vaccines and flu vaccines |
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| Chung-Ying Lin, Chia-Wei Fan, Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu, Yu Ching Lin, Hui-Ching Weng, Mark D. Griffiths | | Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 42 |
The social and mental impact on healthcare workers: A comparative and cross-sectional study during two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan |
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| Dian-Jeng Li, Hui-Ching Wu, Frank Huang-Chih Chou, Su-Ting Hsu, Joh-Jong Huang, Kuan-Ying Hsieh, Guei-Ging Lin, Pei-Jhen Wu | | Medicine. 2022; 101(42): e31316 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 43 |
Estimation of sleep problems among pregnant women during COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
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| Zainab Alimoradi, Fatemeh Abdi, David Gozal, Amir H Pakpour | | BMJ Open. 2022; 12(4): e056044 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 44 |
Protective factors against depressive symptoms among Brazilian healthcare workers during the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study |
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| Eric Marques Januario, Lucianne Jobim Valdivia, Antonio Augusto Schmitt Júnior, Felipe Cesar de Almeida Claudino, Augusto Mädke Brenner, Neusa Sica da Rocha | | BMJ Open. 2022; 12(9): e056326 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 45 |
Evaluation of fatigue and sleep problems in cabin crews during the early COVID-19 pandemic period |
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| Eda Sabaner, Fersat Kolbakir, Erdinc Ercan | | Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2022; : 102430 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 46 |
Associations between fear of COVID-19, dental anxiety, and psychological distress among Iranian adolescents |
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| Maryam Tofangchiha, Chung-Ying Lin, Janneke F. M. Scheerman, Anders Broström, Hanna Ahonen, Mark D. Griffiths, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla, Amir H. Pakpour | | BDJ Open. 2022; 8(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 47 |
How did fear of COVID-19 affect access to healthcare in Central and Eastern Europe? Findings from populations aged 50 or older after the outbreak |
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| Šime Smolic, Margareta Fabijancic, Nikola Blaževski | | Eastern European Economics. 2022; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 48 |
Fear of COVID-19 and academic stress among Palestinian university students during the pandemic: the mediating role of mental health |
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| Basel El-Khodary, Guido Veronese, Marwan Diab | | British Journal of Guidance & Counselling. 2022; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 49 |
Stressors and uplifts of confinement due to covid-19: A longitudinal study on mental health in a sample of academic and administrative university staff in Spain |
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| José Luis González Gutiérrez, Mari Carmen Écija Gallardo, Borja Matías Pompa, Miriam Alonso Fernández, Juan Carlos Pacho Hernández, Almudena López López | | Stress and Health. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 50 |
Prevalence of depression and anxiety among general population in Pakistan during COVID-19 lockdown: An online-survey |
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| Irfan Ullah, Sajjad Ali, Farzana Ashraf, Yasir Hakim, Iftikhar Ali, Arslan Rahat Ullah, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Amir H. Pakpour | | Current Psychology. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 51 |
An Integrated Model of Compliance with COVID-19 Prescriptions: Instrumental, Normative, and Affective Factors Associated with Health-Protective Behaviors |
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| Alessia Rochira, Flora Gatti, Gabriele Prati, Terri Mannarini, Angela Fedi, Fortuna Procentese, Cinzia Albanesi, Irene Barbieri, Christian Compare, Silvia Gattino, Antonella Guarino, Daniela Marzana, Iana Tzankova, Giovanni Aresi | | International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 52 |
Relationship between Adolescents’ Perceptions of Social Support and their Psychological Well-Being during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study From Turkey |
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| Fatma Kurudirek, Duygu Arikan, Sümeyye Ekici | | Children and Youth Services Review. 2022; : 106491 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 53 |
A population-based dataset concerning predictors of willingness to get a COVID-19 vaccine in Iran |
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| Amir H. Pakpour,Rafat Yahaghi,Safie Ahmadizade,Razie Fotuhi,Elham Taherkhani,Mehdi Ranjbaran,Zeinab Buchali,Chung-Ying Lin,Mark D. Griffiths,Anders Broström | | Data in Brief. 2021; 39: 107459 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 54 |
COVID-19 Fear Among Pakistanis: Psychometric Evaluation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale Using Item Response Theory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis |
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| Irfan Ullah, Muhammad Junaid Tahir, Sajjad Ali, Rabia Waseem, Mark D. Griffiths, Mohammed A. Mamun, Chung-Ying Lin, Amir H. Pakpour | | International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 55 |
Cross-cultural prevalence of sleep quality and psychological distress in healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic |
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| Hamza Rafique Khan, Farzana Ashraf, Irfan Ullah, Muhammad Junaid Tahir, Asimina Dominari, Sheikh Shoib, Hamna Naeem, Gowry Reddy, Pramit Mukherjee, Ifrah Akram, Sudha Kamada, Roshni Riaz Memon, M. Muzzamil Yasin Khan, Sumit Raut, Mahmoud Mohamed Mohamed Shalaby, Rana Usman Anwar, Maheen Farooq, Krupa Ketankumar Soparia, Rodrigo Ramalho, Chung-Ying Lin, Amir H. Pakpour | | Brain and Behavior. 2021; 11(11) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 56 |
The association between fear of COVID-19 and mental health: The mediating roles of burnout and job stress among emergency nursing staff |
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| Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu, Chung-Ying Lin, Zohreh Hosseini Marznaki, Amir Pakpour | | Nursing Open. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 57 |
COVID-19 vaccines and mental distress |
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| Francisco Perez-Arce,Marco Angrisani,Daniel Bennett,Jill Darling,Arie Kapteyn,Kyla Thomas,Chung-Ying Lin | | PLOS ONE. 2021; 16(9): e0256406 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 58 |
Factors associated with violence against women following the COVID-19 lockdown in France: Results from a prospective online survey |
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| William Peraud,Bruno Quintard,Aymery Constant,Amir H. Pakpour | | PLOS ONE. 2021; 16(9): e0257193 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 59 |
Burnout and associated factors among nurses working in public hospitals of Harari region and Dire Dawa administration, eastern Ethiopia. A cross sectional study |
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| Deribe Bekele Dechasa, Teshager Worku, Negga Baraki, Bedasa Taye Merga, Henock Asfaw, Amir H. Pakpour | | PLOS ONE. 2021; 16(10): e0258224 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 60 |
Depression, anxiety and stress symptoms in Brazilian university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: Predictors and association with life satisfaction, psychological well-being and coping strategies |
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| Adriana Rezende Lopes,Oscar Kenji Nihei,Chung-Ying Lin | | PLOS ONE. 2021; 16(10): e0258493 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 61 |
Well-being of Polish university students after the first year of the coronavirus pandemic: The role of core self-evaluations, social support and fear of COVID-19 |
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| Elzbieta Turska, Natalia Stepien-Lampa, Amir H. Pakpour | | PLOS ONE. 2021; 16(11): e0259296 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 62 |
Fear of COVID-19 lead to procrastination among Turkish university students: The mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty |
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| Haci Arif Doganülkü, Ozan Korkmaz, Mark D. Griffiths, Amir H. Pakpour | | BMC Psychology. 2021; 9(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 63 |
Factors related to preventive COVID-19 behaviors using health belief model among general population: a cross-sectional study in Iran |
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| Mahmood Karimy, Fatemeh Bastami, Robab Sharifat, Akbar Babaei Heydarabadi, Naser Hatamzadeh, Amir H. Pakpour, Bahman Cheraghian, Fereshteh Zamani-Alavijeh, Mehrnoosh Jasemzadeh, Marzieh Araban | | BMC Public Health. 2021; 21(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 64 |
Gender Differences in the Factors Associated With the Fear of COVID-19 Among Taiwanese Older People |
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| Yueh-Ping Li, Chung-Ying Lin, Yi-Jie Kuo, Yu-Pin Chen, Mark D. Griffiths | | INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing. 2021; 58: 0046958021 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 65 |
Mental State of Students During the Pandemic and Affecting Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study |
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| Sevgi Nehir, Nurgul Gungor Tavsanli | | INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing. 2021; 58: 0046958021 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 66 |
Insomnia Symptoms in the General Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic |
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| Řyvind Halsřy, Sverre Urnes Johnson, Asle Hoffart, Omid V. Ebrahimi | | Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2021; 12 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 67 |
Adaptation and psychometric evaluation of Hungarian version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale |
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| Mona Stankovic, László Papp, Boglárka Nyúl, László Ivánkovits, Zoltán Peto, Annamária Töreki, Chung-Ying Lin | | PLOS ONE. 2021; 16(12): e0261745 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 68 |
COVID-19-Related Variables and Its Association with Anxiety and Suicidal Ideation: Differences Between International and Local University Students in Taiwan |
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| Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu, Iqbal Pramukti, Carol Strong, Hsiao-Wen Wang, Mark D Griffiths, Chung-Ying Lin, Nai-Ying Ko | | Psychology Research and Behavior Management. 2021; Volume 14: 1857 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 69 |
Comparing Fear of COVID-19 and Preventive COVID-19 Infection Behaviors Between Iranian and Taiwanese Older People: Early Reaction May Be a Key |
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| Amir H. Pakpour,Chieh-hsiu Liu,Wen-Li Hou,Yu-Pin Chen,Yueh-Ping Li,Yi-Jie Kuo,Chung-Ying Lin,Damian Scarf | | Frontiers in Public Health. 2021; 9 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 70 |
Psychometric Testing of the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale among Iranian Adolescents during COVID-19 Pandemic |
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| Chung-Ying Lin,Maryam Tofangchiha,Janneke F. M. Scheerman,Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla,Vijay Kumar Chattu,Amir H. Pakpour | | European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2021; 11(4): 1269 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
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