Introduction: Many scientific studies provide evidence of mask wearing as an effective strategy to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 virus. However, US citizens do not adhere to this prevention practice universally. Although past studies have shown disparities in mask wearing by age, gender, ethnicity, and location, the literature lacks a work that uses large-scale national survey data to understand the mask-wearing resistors' characteristics and demographics. This study's purpose is to fill this gap. Methods: We obtained this study's data from the COVID-19 Impact Survey, a nationally representative survey conducted by NORC at the University of Chicago. This survey aims at generating national and regional statistics by surveying representative regional and national samples in three time periods: April 20–26, 2020, May 4–10, 2020, and June 1–8, 2020. Data for our analysis are from the public-use files of these three waves. We performed logistic regressions to estimate the adjusted risk ratio (ARR) of not wearing masks for several personal characteristics and demographics. Results: Our results suggest that younger (average ARR = 1.66) and lower-income (average ARR = 1.51) adults are more likely not to wear a face mask to prevent the coronavirus spread. On the other hand, unhealthy (average ARR = 0.81), female (average ARR = 0.68), and minority (average ARR = 0.65) adults are less likely not to wear a mask. Furthermore, residents in the Northeast region (average ARR = 0.34) and urban residents (average ARR = 0.54) are less likely not to wear a face mask. Conclusion: Mask-wearing behavior differs by age, income, health status, gender, race, region, and geographical residence in the US.

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Introduction: Caregivers of individuals who sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) experience psychological problems that are linked to emotional status of their injured relatives. This study intends to compare the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) received by depressed TBI survivors on their caregivers. Methods: This was a single-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial conducted between September 2018 and June 2019 at a teaching hospital in Iran. Participants were the 20–60-year-old persons who provide care to TBI survivors for 1–4 years. The survivors were randomized to receive either CBT (n = 24) or ACT (n = 24), or to stay on the waiting list (WL, n = 24). The family caregivers completed Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) and 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (physical, SF12-PCS; mental, SF12-MCS) before, after, and 3 months following the treatments. Results: All caregivers were analyzed (completers = 83.33%). Between-group differences were not significant (Ps > 0.5; small effect sizes) except at follow-up, where the differences on DASS21-Depression (P < 0.05; Glass's Δ = −0.635; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.729, 0.296) and SF12-MCS (P < 0.05; Glass's Δ = 0.751; 95% CI: −0.36, 0.807) were significant between caregivers of CBT recipients and WL. Moreover, a medium effect size on SF12-PCS (P > 0.5; Glass's Δ = 0.538; 95% CI: −0.416, 0.731) and SF12-MCS (P > 0.05; Glass's Δ = 0.507; 95% CI: −0.425, 0.772) was observed between caregivers of ACT recipients and WL at follow-up. Conclusion: Treating depression in TBI survivors can affect psychological status of their family caregivers. CBT received by TBI survivors is effective for improving caregivers' depression and mental quality of life.

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Introduction: This study was aimed to analyze the effectiveness of the emergency activity restriction policy implementation to slow down the daily incidence and mortality of COVID-19 in the East Java Province of Indonesia. Methods: An ecological study design was used for this research as the data were acquired from the daily confirmed cases and mortality reports of COVID-19 in 29 regencies and 9 cities in East Java Province of Indonesia from June 14 to July 25, 2021. Interrupted time series using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) was used for the analysis. Results: The mean of COVID-19 daily incidence and mortality was increasing during the implementation of emergency public activity restriction. The result of the ARIMA interrupted time series reported that the implementation of emergency public activity restriction significantly (P < 0.05) affects the increase of COVID-19 daily incidence in 18 cities and daily mortality in 9 cities. Analysis on the provincial level showed that there was no reduction both in daily incidence and mortality during the implementation of emergency public activity restriction. Conclusion: The study reported that the implementation of emergency public activity restrictions was not beneficial in reducing COVID-19 daily incidence and mortality in the East Java Province of Indonesia during the 1^st month of policy implementation.

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Introduction: The goal of the study was to estimate the prevalence of anxiety-induced sleep disturbance (AISD) and assess its relationship with psychosocial distress, socio-environmental variables, and health risk indicators among adolescent schoolchildren in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Methods: Cross-sectional data from the 2016 UAE “Global School-Based Student Health Survey” (n = 5849) were analyzed. The nationally representative sample of all students in grades 8–12 in the UAE was selected through a two-stage cluster sampling procedure. Schools were included with probability proportional to enrollment size, and classes were randomly selected, with all students present in selected classes being eligible to participate. Results: The overall prevalence of AISD was 16.2%, 11.9% had AISD among males, and 20.5% had AISD among females. In adjusted logistic regression analysis, older age (16 years or older), lower economic status (hunger), loneliness, frequent bullying victimization (10–30 days), frequently physically attacked (≥6 times), parental emotional neglect, parents never check homework, parental disrespect of privacy, passive smoking on all past 7 days, sedentary behavior (>8 h/day) during leisure time, and multiple (≥4 times) injuries were positively and being male was negatively associated with AISD. Conclusion: Almost one in six participants reported AISD, and several factors associated with AISD were identified.

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Introduction: Although Bangladesh has made some significant progress in the health sector, home delivery of pregnancy is still a widespread tradition in Bangladesh. The objective of this study was to find the effects of sociodemographic factors associated with mothers' delivery at home utilizing the data extracted from the three Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHSs) conducted in 2007, 2011, and 2014. Methods: The present study was based mainly on the three BDHSs conducted in 2007, 2011, and 2014, which used a two-stage stratified sampling design for data collection purposes. For the analysis purpose, frequency distribution and multivariate logistic regression were considered. Results: The prevalence of home delivery among Bangladeshi mothers had dropped from 82.60% in 2007 BDHS to 64.17% in 2014 BDHS. In general, older mothers at their first birth, highly educated mother and father, women from the richest household, women who take 4 + ANC (Antenatal Care Service), and women who accessed media were a lower chance of home delivery than their counterparts. The study also showed moderate advancement in the use of institutional conveyance care among mothers in Bangladesh during 2007, 2011, 2014 BDHSs. Large variations in outcome measures were observed between rural and urban areas. Conclusion: Our research convincingly confirms that Bangladesh's delivery system implementation level is improving day by day, but the Sustainable Development Goals goals are still far from being achieved. Therefore, to overcome this problem, policymakers must take effective measures to improve maternal education level, wealth status, and maternal health-care service, including family planning.

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Introduction: Health-care worker desire to receive coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccination can affect public perception and adoption of vaccination. The present study surveyed the health beliefs of health-care staff regarding COVID-19 vaccination. Methods: In this cross-sectional online survey conducted in Iran between May and June 2021, 537 health-care staff (73.8% females) participated. Health-care staff were assessed on the following constructs: health locus of control, trust in the health-care system, subjective norms, fear of COVID-19, attitude and feelings toward vaccination, physical distancing, intention to engage in preventative behaviors, and perceived behavioral control. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the influence of demographic, clinical factors, fear of COVID-19, and health beliefs, in predicting openness toward vaccination. Results: About 67.5% of subjects received COVID-19 vaccination (first or second dose), with 57.2% reporting feeling confident in getting vaccinated and 32% expressing hesitancy in getting vaccinated. Trust in the health-care system, fear of COVID-19, and positive attitude toward vaccination were significantly higher in vaccinated participants than unvaccinated ones, P < 0.05. Conclusion: Being vaccinated and openness toward vaccination are influenced by health-care professionals' demographic and clinical characteristics, and health perceptions (i.e., fear of COVID-19). Whereas being overwhelmed with fear of COVID-19 is unadvisable, realistic concern balanced with appropriate action (e.g., vaccination) may be reasonable.

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